home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- MILESTONES, Page 65Dead by His Own Decision -- Bruno Bettelheim: 1903-1990
-
-
- Throughout his long life, Bruno Bettelheim was a fighter.
- Gruff, outspoken, argumentative, stubborn, he was ready to do
- battle with just about anybody about anything. World famous for
- his innovative treatment of autistic children, he once declared
- that most "expert advice" about children is "nonsense." A
- lifelong liberal, he denounced the radicals of the 1960s as
- neo-Nazis. A former concentration-camp prisoner, he provoked
- outrage by writing that Europe's Jews had not done enough to
- resist the Holocaust. Bettelheim's argument: "All people, Jews
- or gentiles, who dare not defend themselves when they know they
- are in the right, who submit to punishment not because of what
- they have done but because of who they are, are already dead by
- their own decision."
-
- Born in Vienna in 1903, Bettelheim had just completed his
- doctorate in psychology and his studies with Sigmund Freud,
- when Nazi Germany marched into Austria. Bettelheim was beaten
- and hauled off to spend a year in the concentration camps of
- Dachau and Buchenwald. Released in 1939, he went to the U.S.
- and found work teaching first at Rockford College, then at the
- University of Chicago.
-
- Bettelheim said later he had survived the concentration
- camps partly by studying and analyzing other prisoners. He saw
- that the guards systematically tried to break down the
- prisoners' identity, their sense of value and meaning. He was
- one of the very first to describe that process in a widely
- reprinted article, "Individual and Mass Behavior in Extreme
- Situations" (1943). No less important, he got the idea that he
- could treat supposedly incurable autistic children by reversing
- the Buchenwald process, taking intensive care of them and
- restoring their sense of themselves. "As an educator and
- therapist of severely disturbed children," he wrote in The Uses
- of Enchantment (1976), his prizewinning study of fairy tales,
- "my main task was to restore meaning to their lives."
-
- The University of Chicago's Sonia Shankman Orthogenic
- School, which Bettelheim headed from 1944 to 1972, gave him a
- chance to put his theories into practice. Taking in 30 or more
- children, he kept them in what he called a "therapeutic
- milieu," with counselors treating them around the clock rather
- than during limited visits. He claimed that more than 85% of
- his patients achieved "full return to participation in life."
-
- Bettelheim wrote prolifically and passionately about his
- school and his theories: Love Is Not Enough (1950), Truants
- from Life (1955), The Empty Fortress (1967). But a number of
- critics charged that his claims of cures were exaggerated. They
- also attacked some of his theories, notably his guilt-inducing
- accusation that childhood schizophrenia could often be blamed
- on "schizophrenic mothers." Relenting somewhat, Bettelheim
- declared in A Good Enough Parent (1987), "There are no perfect
- parents and no perfect children, but every parent can be good
- enough."
-
- Bettelheim had written extensively about the concentration
- camps in The Informed Heart (1960), but he could not get over
- the experience. "He told me that once you were in a camp, you
- could never escape the cruelty," said a colleague, Rudolph
- Ekstein. In Surviving, and Other Essays (1979), Bettelheim
- asked a painful question: "What of the horrible nightmares
- about the camps which every so often awaken me today, 35 years
- later, despite a most rewarding life . . .?"
-
- And life seemed less rewarding lately. Bettelheim was
- greatly afflicted by the death in 1984 of his wife of 43 years,
- Gertrud. In 1987 he suffered a stroke that impaired his ability
- to write. Six weeks ago, he moved out of his comfortable
- beach-front apartment in Santa Monica, Calif., and into a
- retirement home outside Washington, which he apparently found
- unsatisfactory. Last week, at 86, the healer of sick children
- decided that his struggles had gone on long enough. He took
- some pills, then pulled a plastic bag over his head and lay
- quiet until he died.
-
-
- By Otto Friedrich. Reported by Georgia Harbison/New York.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-